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The Solutrean hypothesis, first proposed in 1998, is a hypothesis about the settlement of the Americas that claims Europeans may have been among the earliest settlers of the Americas. Among its more notable proponents are Dennis Stanford of the Smithsonian Institution and Bruce Bradley of the University of Exeter. This is in contrast with accepted theories that the North American continent was first populated by people from Asia, either by the Bering land bridge (i.e. Beringia) around 16,500–13,000 years ago, by maritime travel along the Pacific coast or by both. According to the Solutrean hypothesis, people of the Solutrean culture in Ice Age Europe migrated to North America, bringing their methods of making stone tools with them and providing the basis for the later Clovis technology that spread throughout North America. The hypothesis is based on proposed similarities between European Solutrean and early American pre-Clovis and Clovis lithic technologies. Supporters of the Solutrean hypothesis refer to recent archaeological finds such as those at Cactus Hill in Virginia, Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Pennsylvania, Miles Point in Maryland and the Cinmar blade recovered from the waters off coastal Virginia as indicative of a transitional phase between Solutrean lithic technology and what was later to become Clovis technology. As David Meltzer put it in 2009, "Few if any archaeologists—or, for that matter, geneticists, linguists, or physical anthropologists—take seriously the idea of a Solutrean colonization of America."〔Meltzer, David J. ''First Peoples in the New World'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009, p. 188〕 Stephen Oppenheimer claims, "They haven't produced evidence to refute the Solutrean hypothesis," even after new discoveries of DNA further confirmed population migration from Asia.〔Reuters.com; "Ancient native boy's genome reignites debate over first Americans"; 12 Feb 2014 ()〕 In 2012, the discovery of ancient tools along the east coast of America led Dennis Stanford and Bruce Bradley to advocate for Ice Age crossings of the Atlantic from Europe. Recent DNA studies serve to weaken the case that Haplogroup X2A migrated to the Americas by way of the Atlantic.〔〔 == Characteristics == Solutrean culture was based in present-day France, Spain and Portugal, from roughly 21,000 to 17,000 years ago. The manufacture of stone tools from this period is distinguished by bifacial, percussion and pressure-flaked points. The Solutrean toolmaking industry disappeared almost completely from Europe around 15,000 years ago, replaced by the lithic technology of the Magdalenian culture. Clovis tools are characterized by a distinctive type of spear point, known as the Clovis point. Solutrean and Clovis points do have common traits: the points are thin and bifacial, and both use the "outrepassé", or overshot flaking technique, that quickly reduces the thickness of a biface without reducing its width. The Clovis point differs from the Solutrean in that some of the former have bifacial fluting, referring to the long groove carved into the bottom edge of a point to help attach it to the head of a spear. Bifacial fluting describes blades on which this feature appears on both its sides. Clovis toolmaking technology appears in the archaeological record in eastern North America roughly 13,500 years ago. Older blades with this attribute have yet to be discovered from sites in either Asia or Alaska. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Solutrean hypothesis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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